Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric (Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity) by Michael Kulikowski

encomium of St. Theodore, dated 17 February 380); young man shot by Scythians outside Comana Pontica: PG 46: 416–32 at 424C (sermon on baptism, undated), on both of which see C. Zuckerman, ‘Cappadocian fathers and the Goths’, Travaux et Memoires 11 (1991): 473–86.
    [174] Ammianus, RG 31.10.1–20.
    [175] S. Williams and G. Friel, Theodosius: The Empire at Bay (London, 1994).
    [176] Ammianus, RG 29.6.14–16.
    [177] Theoderet, HE 5.5.
    [178] N. McLynn, ‘“ Genere Hispanus ”: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene orthodoxy’, in K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski, eds., Hispania in Late Antiquity: Current Approaches (Leiden, 2005), 77–120.
    [179] Pan. Lat . 2.10–11; Theoderet, HE 5.5–6; Sozomen, HE 7.2.1; Orosius, Hist . 7.34.2–5; Epitome de Caesaribus 47–48.
    [180] The case for western help, though not accepted here, is best made in R. Malcolm Errington, ‘Theodosius and the Goths’, Chiron 26 (1996): 1–27.
    [181] Units: some or all of Notitia Dignitatum , Or. 5.64–66; 6.33, 62, 64, 67; 7.47, 57; 8.27, 32; 9.41, 46 (= 6.64), 47; 28.20; 31.64; 38.18–19, 32–33. Laws: Codex Theodosianus 7.13.8–11. Farmers: Libanius, Or . 24.16.
    [182] Zosimus, HN 4.30.2; 4.31.2–4.
    [183] Evidence tabulated at M. McCormick, Eternal Victory: Triumphal Rulership in Late Antiquity, Byzantium and the Early Medieval West (Cambridge, 1986), 41–46.
    [184] P. Heather, Goths and Romans, 332–489 (Oxford, 1991), 147–56, clarified the structural defect of Zosimus’ account for the first time.
    [185] Zosimus, HN 4.25.2–4.
    [186] Themistius, Or . 14.181b.
    [187] Zosimus, HN 4.31.2–4; Codex Theodosianus 7.18.3–5.
    [188] Zosimus, HN 4.33.1.
    [189] Zosimus, HN 4.33.1–2.
    [190] Descriptio consulum , s.a. 382 (Burgess, 241).
    [191] Themistius, Or . 16.
    [192] Synesius, De regno 21 (Terzaghi, 50C); Themistius, Or . 16.209a–210a; Pan. Lat . 2.22.3, but the reference to military service at 2.32.4 need not necessarily refer to the agreement of 382.
    [193] Themistius, Or . 16.211a.
    [194] Synesius, De regno 19 (Terzaghi, 43D).
    [195] Notitia Dignitatum , Or. 5.61; 6.61.
    [196] Campaign against Maximus: Philostorgius, HE 10.8; Zosimus, HN 4.45.3; Pan. Lat . 2.32.3–4; against Eugenius, Orosius, Hist . 7.35.19.
     
Chapter Eight: Alaric and the Sack of Rome
     
    [197] R. Harhoiu, Die frühe Völkerwanderungszeit in Rumänien (Bucharest, 1997); M. Kazanski and R. Legoux, ‘Contribution à l’étude des témoignages archéologiques des Goths en Europe orientale à l’époque des Grandes Migrations: la chronologie de la culture de černjahov récente’, Archéologie médiévale 18 (1988): 7–53.
    [198] Descriptio consulum , s.a. 381 (Burgess, 241).
    [199] Zosimus, HN 4.35.1; 4.38–39.
    [200] Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller).
    [201] Gregory of Nazianzus, Ep . 136.
    [202] Eunapius, frag. 59 (Blockley) = 60 (Müller); Zosimus, HN 4.56.2–3.
    [203] Zosimus, HN 5.5.4; Claudian, Get . 166–248; 598–647; Synesius, De regno 19–21. For Alaric’s Goths described as a gens : Claudian, č cons. Hon . 474; Get . 99, 134, 169, 533, 645–47.
    [204] Descriptio consulum , s.a. 383 (Burgess, 241).
    [205] Zosimus, HN 4.45.3.
    [206] Sozomen, HE 7.25; Theodoret, HE 5.18; Rufinus, HE 11.18; Ambrose, Ep . 51.
    [207] ILS 2949.
    [208] Claudian, Get . 524–25; č cons. Hon . 104–108.
    [209] Jordanes, Get . 146.
    [210] Zosimus, HN 4.50–51; Claudian, Ruf . 1.350–51.
    [211] Claudian, Stil . 1.94–115; Ruf . 1.314–22, č cons. Hon . 147–50.
    [212] Eunapius, frag. 58.2 (Blockley) = John of Antioch, frag. 187 ( FHG 4: 608–10).
    [213] Orosius, Hist . 7.35.19; Zosimus, HN 4.58.2–3.
    [214] Zosimus, 4.58.6; Orosius, Hist . 7.35.19; Socrates, HE 5.25.11–16; Sozomen, HE 7.22–24; Rufinus, HE 11.33; Philostorgius, HE 11.2; Epitome de Caesaribus 48.7.
    [215] Socrates, HE 7.10.
    [216] Zosimus, HN 5.5.4.
    [217] Claudian, Ruf . 2.54–99; Eunapius, frag. 64.1 = John of Antioch, frag. 190 ( FHG 4: 610).
    [218] Zosimus, HN 5.7.3;