The Forge of Christendom by Tom Holland Page A

what will become Normandy.
919
Henry, the Duke of Saxony, is elected King of East Francia.
929
Abd al-Rahman III, Emir of Al-Andalus, proclaims himself Caliph.
936
Henry, King of East Francia, dies, and is succeeded by his son, Otto.
939
The Battle of Andernach: Otto crushes a revolt led by his brother.
955
The Battle of the Lech: the threat to Christendom from the Hungarians is destroyed for good.
962
Otto is crowned emperor by Pope John XII.
966
The baptism of Miesco, Duke of the Poles.
967
Magdeburg is established as an archbishopric.
969
The assassination in Constantinople of Nicephorus Phocas, and his replacement as emperor by John Tzimiskes.
972
The arrival of Theophanu, John Tzimiskes’s niece, in Rome. A council is held at Aurillac, designed to promote the Peace of God.
973
The death of Otto. He is succeeded by his son, Otto II. Edgar, King of the English, stages an imperial coronation at Bath, and establishes a single currency.
975
The death of Edgar.
978
The murder of Edward, Edgar’s son, at Corfe. He is succeeded as king by his half-brother, Ethelred.
982
The Battle of Cotrone. Otto II retreats to Rome.
983
The revolt of the Slavs. Otto II dies in Rome. His infant son, Otto III, is crowned king.
986
The settlement of Greenland.
987
Hugh Capet is elected King of France. Fulk Nerra becomes Count of Anjou. Sweyn Forkbeard deposes his father, Harald Bluetooth, to become King of Denmark.
988
Vladimir of Kiev converts to Christianity.
991
The Battle of Maldon. Fire in Rome almost destroys St. Peter’s.
992
The death of Adso of Montier-en-Der while on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
994
Odilo becomes Abbot of Cluny. The relics of St. Martial arepublicly displayed on a hill above Limoges in a successful attempt to arrest a pestilence.
996
Otto III appoints his cousin as the first German pope, and is crowned as emperor. Robert II “the Pious” becomes King of France. Al-Hakim becomes the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt.
997
The martyrdom of St. Adalbert. The suppression of a peasant insurrection in Normandy. Al-Mansur, the effective ruler of al-Andalus, sacks Santiago.
998
Otto III suppresses an insurrection in Rome.
999
Otto III appoints Gerbert of Aurillac as Pope.
1000
Otto III visits the shrine of St. Adalbert in Poland and the tomb of Charlemagne in Aachen. The conversion of Iceland to Christianity. The death of Olaf Trygvasson, following his defeat by Sweyn Forkbeard.
1002
The death of Otto III. He is succeeded by Henry II. The death of al-Mansur. Ethelred orders a pogrom of Danes living in England: the St. Brice’s Day Massacre.
1003
Henry II enters an alliance with the Wends.
1004
Muslim pirates sack Pisa.
1006
Count Richard II of Normandy lays claim to the title of “duke.”
1009
The massacre of the Berber residents of Córdoba. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is demolished on the orders of the Caliph al-Hakim.
1010
Berber forces lay Córdoba under siege. Jews are persecuted – and almost certainly massacred – for the first time in France.
1013
The fall and sack of Córdoba. Sweyn Forkbeard invades England.
1014
The death of Sweyn Forkbeard and the return from exile in Normandy of Ethelred.
1016
The death of Ethelred. Canute establishes himself as King of England. Turkish horsemen attack Armenia.
1018
A band of Norman mercenaries take service with the Byzantines in southern Italy.
1022
Twelve clerics are burned to death for heresy in Orléans.
1024
The death of Henry II marks the extinction of the Liudolfing dynasty. Conrad II is elected as king.
1026
A mass pilgrimage, sponsored by Duke Richard III of Normandy, arrives in Jerusalem.
1027
Canute arrives in Rome for Conrad II’s coronation as emperor.
1028
The public frustration of Adémar’s attempt to prove that St. Martial had been one of Christ’s original apostles.
1030
The Battle of Stiklestad and the death of Olaf, King of Norway. Olaf’s half-brother, Harald Hardrada, seeks sanctuary with Yaroslav, the King of the Rus.
1031
Olaf’s body is exhumed and