The Forge of Christendom by Tom Holland Page B

found to be incorrupt: he starts to be hailed as a saint.
1033
Adémar – and a great crowd of other pilgrims – arrive in Jerusalem. Peter Damian becomes a hermit.
1035
The arrival in Jerusalem of Duke Robert of Normandy is followed soon afterwards by his death in Nicaea. He is succeeded as duke by his infant son, William. The death of Canute. Harald Hardrada travels to Constantinople.
1039
Henry III succeeds his father, Conrad II, as king of the
Reich
.
1043
Henry III marries Agnes of Aquitaine. Edward “the Confessor” is crowned as King of England.
1044
Harald Hardrada flees Constantinople.
1045
Harald Hardrada marries Elizabeth, Yaroslav’s daughter.
1046
The Synod of Sutri: Henry III disposes of three rival popes, and replaces them with a German appointee of his own.
1047
The arrival of Robert of Hauteville – soon to be nicknamed “Guiscard” – in southern Italy. Duke William of Normandy wins his first battle. Harald Hardrada becomes undisputed King of Norway.
1048
Bruno of Toul is crowned in Rome as Pope Leo IX. He tours the Rhineland, and stages a council in Reims. Hugh of Semur becomes Abbot of Cluny in succession to Odilo.
1053
The Battle of Civitate: Leo IX is taken prisoner by the Normans.
1054
Cardinal Humbert’s embassy to Constantinople: its ultimateresult is schism between the churches of the Old and the New Rome. The death of Leo IX.
1055
Beatrice and Matilda of Tuscany are exiled by Henry III to the Rhineland.
1056
The death of Henry III. He is succeeded as king by his infant son, Henry IV.
1057
Peter Damian becomes a cardinal. Street battles break out in Milan between supporters of the archbishop and insurrectionists known as the “Patarenes.” Beatrice and Matilda return to Tuscany.
1059
The cardinals lay claim to the right to choose a pope. Peter Damian arrives in Milan in an attempt to make peace between the archbishop and the Patarenes. Robert Guiscard is accepted as a papal vessel, and invested with the dukedom of Apulia.
1061
The Normans invade Sicily.
1062
Henry IV is kidnapped by the Archbishop of Cologne.
1065
Henry IV comes of age. His mother, Agnes, leaves for Rome.
1066
The death of Edward the Confessor. Harald Godwinsson succeeds him as King of England. The Battle of Stamford Bridge: the defeat and death of Harald Hardrada. The Battle of Hastings: the defeat and death of Harald Godwinsson. William of Normandy is crowned as King of England.
1070
A public penance is imposed on all who fought at Hastings.
1071
The Battle of Manzikert.
1072
Rival bishops are appointed in Milan. The death of Peter Damian. Palermo is captured by the Normans. Alfonso VI becomes King of León.
1073
Archdeacon Hildebrand is elected Pope. He takes the name Gregory VII. Rebellion against Henry IV breaks out in Saxony.
1074
The abandonment of Gregory’s expedition to Constantinople and Jerusalem.
1075
Henry IV suppresses the revolt in Saxony. Gregory charges the Germans not to obey disobedient bishops. Henry imposes his own candidate on the archbishopric of Milan.
1076
Gregory threatens Henry IV with excommunication. At aconference in Worms, two-thirds of the German bishops renounce their loyalty to Gregory. Gregory excommunicates Henry. Rebellion breaks out again in Saxony, and Henry is threatened with deposition by a gathering of rebellious princes at Tribur.
1077
Henry IV stages a public penance at Canossa, and is absolved from excommunication. An assembly of princes at Forcheim elects Duke Rodulf of Swabia as king. Civil war in the
Reich
. The death of Agnes.
1078
Gregory formally bans the investiture of bishops by emperors and kings.
1080
Gregory excommunicates Henry IV for a second time. Henry nominates an anti-pope. Rudolf of Swabia dies in battle. Alfonso VI imposes the Roman form of the Mass on his kingdom.
1081
Henry IV marches abortively on Rome. Alexius Comnenus becomes emperor in Constantinople. Robert Guiscard crosses the Adriatic.
1082
Robert Guiscard withdraws again to Apulia.
1083
Henry IV