The Other Slavery by Andrés Reséndez Page A

Estado de Chihuahua, 1992), 21–32.
    7. Cramaussel, “Juan Rangel de Biesma,” 33.
    8. West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, 13; Porras Muñoz, El nuevo descubrimiento de San José del Parral, 51–59; Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 100–110. The quote is from Esquerra de Rosas, cited in Porras Muñoz, El nuevo descubrimiento de San José del Parral, 51.
    9. Demographic information is from Porras Muñoz, El nuevo descubrimiento de San José del Parral, 51–51; and Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 145. On Francisco de Lima’s life, see Rick Hendricks and Gerald Mandell, “Francisco de Lima, Portuguese Merchants of Parral, and the New Mexico Trade, 1638–1675,” New Mexico Historical Review 77:3 (Summer 2002), 266–287; and Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 112 n. 125. My description of Parral is based largely on Cramaussel’s painstaking research and abundant information in Poblar la frontera.
    10. On the shafts of Parral and digging techniques, see West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, 19–23. For the dangers of mining, see Brown, A History of Mining in Latin America, 58–70. On the introduction of explosives, see Brading, Mineros y comerciantes, 184.
    11. West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, 23.
    12. Porras Muñoz, El nuevo descubrimiento de San José del Parral, 59–60; Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 130–131, 196–199, 234–240; West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, chap. 3. Many judicial proceedings in Parral, especially those involving rebellious Indians, thieves, debtors, murderers, and escaped slaves, resulted in a sentence to the morteros . See, for example, the case of Juan Bernabé, 1647–1649, Archivo Histórico Municipal de Parral (hereafter cited as AHMP), Parral, microfilm reel 1649C, frames 1481–1486; the case of an Indian from Sonora named Marcos Cristobal, 1652, AHMP, Parral, microfilm reel 1652D, frames 1939–1983; the cases of a Tarahumara Indian named Sebastián and a Salinero Indian named Pablo, 1654, AHMP, Parral, microfilm reel 1654C, frames 1578–1592; and the cases of three Apache Indians from New Mexico, María, Angelina, and Juan, 1669, AHMP, Parral, microfilm reel 1669B, frames 0874–0888.

    13. See the sources in the previous note.
    14. Viceroy Martín Enríquez to the king of Spain, Mexico City, May 1, 1572, “Cartas del Virrey Martín Enríquez,” AGI, Mexico, 19, N. 83.
    15. The quote is from Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Descripción geográfica de los reinos de Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya y Nuevo León (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1940), 151. For the black and mulatto slaves of Parral, see Vincent Meyer, “The Black Slave on New Spain’s Northern Frontier: San José del Parral, 1632–1676” (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah, 1975); and Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 201–205.
    16. Nicolás de Tolentino requesting his freedom from the heirs of Felipe Catalán, Parral, March 22, 1673, in AHMP.FC.D43.001.008, Justicia, “Peticiones de libertad.” The bills of sale documenting Tolentino’s life and travels is remarkably complete. Other cases of “Chinese” slaves have come to light, including that of Pedro Marmolejo, the son of María “china,” who was from the Philippines and lived in Parral for more than forty years. Freedom request by Pedro Marmolejo, Parral, August 22, 1672, AHMP.FC.A08.001.021, “Gobierno y administración, Informaciones.” For the larger context, see Tatiana Seijas, Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), chap. 1. For instance, Nicolás de Tolentino’s experience is similar to that of Catarina de San Juan.
    17. For this entire section, I rely on the demographic estimates provided in Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 145.
    18. The quote is from Mota y Escobar, Descripción geográfica, 151–152. Interestingly, pepenas are not mentioned specifically in regard to Parral, although there certainly was a flourishing black