The Other Slavery by Andrés Reséndez Page B

market in ore there.
    19. As an example of historians’ enthusiasm for the mines as engines of free labor, see Alan Knight, Mexico: The Colonial Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 65. Somewhat more cautiously, D. A. Brading and Harry E. Cross write that “in Mexico forced labor ceased to be an important element among mine workers as early as the middle seventeenth century.” Brading and Cross, “Colonial Silver Mining: Mexico and Peru,” Hispanic American Historical Review 52:4 (November 1972), 557. See also Bakewell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico, 122. For the persistence of coerced labor, see José Cuello, “The Persistence of Indian Slavery and Encomienda in the Northeast of Colonial Mexico, 1577–1723,” Journal of Social History 21:4 (Summer 1988), 683–700; Susan Deeds, “Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya: Forms of Labor Coercion on the Periphery,” Hispanic American Historical Review 69:3 (August 1989), 425–449; and Chantal Cramaussel, “Haciendas y mano de obra en la Nueva Vizcaya del siglo XVII: El curato de Parral,” Trace 15 (June 1989), 22–30.
    20. For indebtedness in Parral, see West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, 51.
    21. Cramaussel, “Encomiendas, repartimientos y conquista en Nueva Vizcaya,” 105–137; Susan M. Deeds, “Trabajo rural en Nueva Vizcaya: Formas de coerción laboral en la periferia,” in Actas del primer congreso de historia regional comparada (Ciudad Juárez: Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, 1989), 161–170; Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, 145, 219–234; Deeds, Defiance and Deference in Mexico’s Colonial North, chap. 3; and Deeds, “Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya,” 425–449.

    22. The full scope of these Indian rebellions can be gleaned from AHMP, section “Milicias y guerra,” series “Sediciones.” The director of the Parral archives, Roberto Baca, first drew my attention to this rich source, for which I am grateful. See also Roberto Baca, “La esclavitud y otras formas de servidumbre en Chihuahua: Una visión desde los archivos coloniales,” in Jesús Vargas Valdés, ed., Chihuahua: Horizontes de su historia y su cultura, 2 vols. (Chihuahua: Milenio, 2010), 1:118–145. For additional clues about Indian slavery around Parral, see “Relación of Diego de Medrano,” in Thomas H. Naylor and Charles W. Polzer, eds., The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain: A Documentary History, vol. 1, 1570–1700 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1986), 409–479. In chapter 3 of her illuminating book Defiance and Deference in Mexico’s Colonial North, Susan Deeds calls the period from the 1620s to the 1690s a “counterfeit peace” because of the labor coercion used against Natives, which prompted them to revolt. Revealingly, Spaniards called Natives who rebelled indios de media paz, half-pacified Indians, because of their intractability. Deeds also makes the important point that Jesuit missionaries agreed to participate in the system of Indian exploitation through repartimientos as a lesser evil, in order to protect the Indians somewhat, and as a safeguard against outright slave raiding, which would have depleted the mission Indians. See Deeds, Defiance and Deference in Mexico’s Colonial North, chap. 3; Deeds, “Rural Work in Nueva Vizcaya,” 425–449; and Deeds, personal communication. See also Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, passim; and Christophe Giudicelli, “Un cierre de fronteras taxonómico . . . tepehuanes y tarahumara después de la guerra de los tepehuanes, 1616–1631,” Nouveau Monde Mondes Nouveaux, March 18, 2008, https://nuevomundo.revues.org/25913?lang=fr .
    23. West, The Mining Community in Northern New Spain, chap. 3; Cramaussel, Poblar la frontera, chap. 4. Governor Lope de Sierra Osorio, based in Parral, wrote that the Tobosos consisted of twelve different Indian nations. Interestingly, he noted that they were “so desperate and valiant that they take or give no quarter,