School Lunch Politics by Susan Levine Page A

that Belong to Us All,’” Journal of American History, 74, no. 3 (December 1987); 1013–34.
    42. Department of Agriculture Administrative History, vol. 1, ch. 3., p. 120. LBJ Library.
    43. Press release, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., April 16, 1968. NCJW—Washington, D.C. Office, Box 191, School Lunch Program Correspondence, January-April 1968; Memorandum to Josepha A. Califano, Jr., from Orville L. Freeman, February 1,1968, White House Central Files, EX AG 7, AG7–2, Box 10, LBJ Library.
    44. Department of Agriculture Administrative History, vol. 1, ch. 3, p. 104, LBJ Library.
    45. “More Physicians Sought in Nation,” NYT, March 6, 1968, and “Senate Approves Pilot Lunch Plan,” NYT, April 18, 1968.
    46. For 1967–68, national enrollment in public and private schools was 50.7 million. An estimated 36.8 million, or 73%, were enrolled in participating schools. “Actual” average participation in the National School Lunch Program was 18.9 million, or 37%, of national enrollment. Gunderson, “The National School Lunch Program,” 21.
    47. Henry M. Levin, “A Decade of Policy Developments in Improving Education and Training for Low-Income Populations,” in Robert H. Haveman, ed., A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs: Achievements, Failures, and Lessons (New York: Academic Press, 1977), 131.
    48. Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., “A Decade of Policy Developments in the IncomeMaintenance System,” in Haveman, ed., A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs; and Berry, Feeding the Hungry.
    49. “Administration Making Significant Gains in Anti-Hunger Drive,” NYT, February 5, 1971.
    50. Senate Select Committee, Part 11, July 9–11, 1969, p. 3408.
    51. United States Congress, Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, Hearings, School Lunch and Child Nutrition Programs, 91st Cong., 2nd Sess., September 29–October 1, 1969 (hereafter, Senate Agriculture Committee 1969), 156.
    52. “McGovern Scores Lunch Program,” NYT, November 26, 1970.
    53. Henry M. Levin, “A Decade of Policy Developments in Improving Education and Training for Low-Income Populations,” in Haveman, ed., A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs.
    54. See Robert C. Lieberman, Shifting the Color Line: Race and the American Welfare State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). He argues that the policy conflict of the period centered between “contending institutional visions of welfare. On one side, an administration committed to an expansive vision of racial equality in social citizenship sought to nationalize welfare and reduce local discretion Onthe other side, the parochial forces … pulling authority out of Washington and into the racially explosive politics of cities and states” (170).
    55. Senate Agriculture Committee, 1969, p. 217. Also, “Action Report,” The National Council on Hunger and Malnutrition in the United States. This was a coalition of groups including Ralph Abernathy, Leslie Dunbar, Walter Reuther, and Marian Wright Edleman. NCJW, Washington, D.C., Office, Box 369, National Council on Hunger and Malnutrtion in the United States, 1970.
    56. Senate Agriculture Committee, 1969, p. 218.
    57. Ibid.
    58. See Feliia Kornluh, “A Human Right to Welfare?: Social Protest among Welfare Recipients after World War II,” in Linda K. Kerber and Jane Sherron DeHart, eds., Women’s America: Refocusing the Past (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
    59. The New School Lunch Program Bill of Rights, pamphlet, Box 395, Folder: School Lunch Program Background Material, undated, NCJW, Washington, D.C. Office, Library of Congress.
    60. Senate Select Committee, Part 11, July 9–11, 1969, p. 3410.
    61. United States Congress, House Committee on Education and Labor, Hearings, 91st Cong., 1st Sess., March 6, 1969, p. 45. Also see Senate Agriculture Committee, 1969, p. 218. Private groups