The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger by Marc Levinson Page A
Authors: Marc Levinson
Marine and Fisheries Committee,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, p. 130; MH-5 Executive Committee, minutes, June 1, 1967.
33.
Congressional Record
, November 6, 1967, pp. 31144–31151; House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, Gulick testimony, October 31, 1967, p. 28; Ralph B. Dewey testimony, November 16, 1967, pp. 162–169.
34. House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, Powell testimony November 1, 1967, p. 50, and McLean comment November 16, 1967, p. 121.
35. Ibid., Powell testimony November 1, 1967, pp. 70–71; Harlander interview, COHP.
36. Minutes, combined meeting of MH-5 Load and Testing and Handling and Securing Subcommittees, November 30, 1966; Leslie A. Harlander, “Intermodal Compatibility Requires Flexibility of Standards,”
Container News, January
1970, p. 20; Minutes of MH-5 committee, January 29 and May 20–21, 1970; L. A. Harlander, “Container System Design Developments,” p. 368.
37. Marad, “Intermodal Container Services Offered by U.S. Flag Operators,” January 1973 (unpaginated).
Chapter 8
Takeoff
1. New York figure estimated from PNYA data; West Coast figure taken from Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 160.
2. Ernest W. Williams, Jr.,
The Regulation of Rail-Motor Rate Competition
(New York, 1958), p. 208; Werner Bamberger, “Containers Cited as Shipping ‘Must,’”
NYT
, January 21, 1959, and “Industry Is Exhibiting Caution on Containerization of Fleet,”
NYT
, December 4, 1960. Military freight accounted for one-fifth of the revenues of U.S.-flag international ship lines in 1964; see Werner Bamberger, “Lines Ask Rule on Cargo Bidding,”
NYT
, July 14, 1966.
3. McLean Industries,
Annual Reports
, 1957–60; Werner Bamberger, “Lukenbach Buys 3 of 5 Vessels Needed for Containership Fleet,”
NYT
, November 26, 1960; George Horne, “Luckenbach Ends Domestic Service,”
NYT
, February 21, 1961; “Ship Line Drops Florida Service,”
NYT
, March 2, 1961; “Grace Initiates Seatainer Service,”
Marine Engineering/Log
(1960), p. 55; Niven,
American President Lines
, p. 211.
4. “Coast Carriers Win Rate Ruling,”
NYT
, January 5, 1961.
5. United Cargo Corporation, a freight forwarder, offered container service from the United States to Europe as early as 1959, but the service involved boxes only 10½ feet long, which were carried in ships’ holds along with other freight. Jacques Nevard, “Container Line Plans Extension,” NYT; June 6, 1959.
6. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, pp. 711 and 732; Beverly Duncan and Stanley Lieberson,
Metropolis and Region in Transition
(Beverly Hills, 1970), pp. 229–245.
7. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, pp. 732–733; ICC,
Transport Economics
, July 1956, p. 10.
8. For information on piggyback operations prior to 1950, see Kenneth Johnson Holcomb, “History, Description and Economic Analysis of Trailer-on-Flatcar (Piggyback) Transportation” (Ph.D. diss., University of Arkansas, 1962), pp. 9–13.
9.
Movement of Highway Trailers by Rail
, 293 ICC 93 (1954).
10. U.S. Census Bureau,
Statistical Abstract 1957
, Table 705, p. 564; Wallin, “The Development, Economics, and Impact,” p. 220; ICC Bureau of Economics, “Piggyback Traffic Characteristics,” December 1966, p. 6. On Teamster opposition, see Irving Kovarsky, “State Piggyback Statutes and Federalism,”
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
18, no. 1 (1964): 45.
11. Curtis D. Buford,
Trailer Train Company: A Unique Force in the Railroad Industry
(New York, 1982); Comments of Roy L. Hayes, “Panel Presentations: Railroad Commercial Panel,”
Transportation Law Journal
28, no. 2 (2001): 516; Walter W. Patchell, “Research and Development,” in
Management for Tomorrow
, ed. Nicholas A. Glaskowsky, Jr. (Stanford, 1958), pp. 31–34; Shott,
Piggyback and the Future of Freight Transportation
, p. 7.
12. Comments of Richard Steiner, “Panel Presentations: Railroad Commercial Panel”; Holcomb,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, p. 130; MH-5 Executive Committee, minutes, June 1, 1967.
33.
Congressional Record
, November 6, 1967, pp. 31144–31151; House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, Gulick testimony, October 31, 1967, p. 28; Ralph B. Dewey testimony, November 16, 1967, pp. 162–169.
34. House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee,
Cargo Container Dimensions
, Powell testimony November 1, 1967, p. 50, and McLean comment November 16, 1967, p. 121.
35. Ibid., Powell testimony November 1, 1967, pp. 70–71; Harlander interview, COHP.
36. Minutes, combined meeting of MH-5 Load and Testing and Handling and Securing Subcommittees, November 30, 1966; Leslie A. Harlander, “Intermodal Compatibility Requires Flexibility of Standards,”
Container News, January
1970, p. 20; Minutes of MH-5 committee, January 29 and May 20–21, 1970; L. A. Harlander, “Container System Design Developments,” p. 368.
37. Marad, “Intermodal Container Services Offered by U.S. Flag Operators,” January 1973 (unpaginated).
Chapter 8
Takeoff
1. New York figure estimated from PNYA data; West Coast figure taken from Hartman,
Collective Bargaining
, p. 160.
2. Ernest W. Williams, Jr.,
The Regulation of Rail-Motor Rate Competition
(New York, 1958), p. 208; Werner Bamberger, “Containers Cited as Shipping ‘Must,’”
NYT
, January 21, 1959, and “Industry Is Exhibiting Caution on Containerization of Fleet,”
NYT
, December 4, 1960. Military freight accounted for one-fifth of the revenues of U.S.-flag international ship lines in 1964; see Werner Bamberger, “Lines Ask Rule on Cargo Bidding,”
NYT
, July 14, 1966.
3. McLean Industries,
Annual Reports
, 1957–60; Werner Bamberger, “Lukenbach Buys 3 of 5 Vessels Needed for Containership Fleet,”
NYT
, November 26, 1960; George Horne, “Luckenbach Ends Domestic Service,”
NYT
, February 21, 1961; “Ship Line Drops Florida Service,”
NYT
, March 2, 1961; “Grace Initiates Seatainer Service,”
Marine Engineering/Log
(1960), p. 55; Niven,
American President Lines
, p. 211.
4. “Coast Carriers Win Rate Ruling,”
NYT
, January 5, 1961.
5. United Cargo Corporation, a freight forwarder, offered container service from the United States to Europe as early as 1959, but the service involved boxes only 10½ feet long, which were carried in ships’ holds along with other freight. Jacques Nevard, “Container Line Plans Extension,” NYT; June 6, 1959.
6. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, pp. 711 and 732; Beverly Duncan and Stanley Lieberson,
Metropolis and Region in Transition
(Beverly Hills, 1970), pp. 229–245.
7. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, pp. 732–733; ICC,
Transport Economics
, July 1956, p. 10.
8. For information on piggyback operations prior to 1950, see Kenneth Johnson Holcomb, “History, Description and Economic Analysis of Trailer-on-Flatcar (Piggyback) Transportation” (Ph.D. diss., University of Arkansas, 1962), pp. 9–13.
9.
Movement of Highway Trailers by Rail
, 293 ICC 93 (1954).
10. U.S. Census Bureau,
Statistical Abstract 1957
, Table 705, p. 564; Wallin, “The Development, Economics, and Impact,” p. 220; ICC Bureau of Economics, “Piggyback Traffic Characteristics,” December 1966, p. 6. On Teamster opposition, see Irving Kovarsky, “State Piggyback Statutes and Federalism,”
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
18, no. 1 (1964): 45.
11. Curtis D. Buford,
Trailer Train Company: A Unique Force in the Railroad Industry
(New York, 1982); Comments of Roy L. Hayes, “Panel Presentations: Railroad Commercial Panel,”
Transportation Law Journal
28, no. 2 (2001): 516; Walter W. Patchell, “Research and Development,” in
Management for Tomorrow
, ed. Nicholas A. Glaskowsky, Jr. (Stanford, 1958), pp. 31–34; Shott,
Piggyback and the Future of Freight Transportation
, p. 7.
12. Comments of Richard Steiner, “Panel Presentations: Railroad Commercial Panel”; Holcomb,