An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States by Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz

in, 134–35; Indian Removal Act and, 110–14; Indigenous alliances in, 85–87; in Louisiana Purchase, 95; Unassigned Lands in, 158
    â€œIndian Wars,” 71–74; as template for imperialism, 192–95, 218, 219–22, 229
    Indigenous communities and nations, federally recognized, 10–11
    Indigenous Peoples of the Americas conference, 197–98
    â€œIndigenous Quotient,” 235
    industrialization, 166, 167–68
    infectious diseases, 39–42
    innocence, race to, 229–31
    Inter-American Indian Institute, 176
    International Indian Treaty Council (IITC), 203–4, 260n21
    Iraq, US military invasions of, 193–95, 222, 229
    Ireland: England’s colonization of, 38–39, 51–52
    Iroquois Nations, 17, 24, 76–77
    irregular warfare: in California, 129; by Cheyennes, 146; during Civil War, 94, 135–36; in colonial period, 57–60, 69; by Crazy Horse, 152; in King Philip’s War, 64; by Modocs, 223; in Ohio Country, 81–83; Second Amendment and, 80; in Seminole Wars, 102; after war of independence, 94; in West, 150, 152
    irrigation systems, 16, 21–22
    Ishi, 161, 232
    Israel, as covenant state, 47, 50, 248n7
    Iturbide, Agustín de, 123
    Jackson, Andrew: background of, 53, 96–97, 108–9; and genocide, 94, 97–102, 109–14; imperialism of, 107–10, 253n26; as “Indian hater,” 59; and Indian removal policy, 109–14; and Muskogee War, 93, 97–101; and persistence of denial, 114–16; and Santa Fe Trail, 122; and Seminole Wars, 97, 101–2; and settler patriotism, 103, 106, 107; and Texas, 127; and Trail of Tears, 112–14; and treaties with Indigenous nations, 111; and Walt Whitman, 117–18
    Jacobson, Dan, 48
    Jamestown settlement, 60–61, 195
    Jefferson, Thomas: and Barbary Wars, 119; on continental expansion, 3; and Doctrine of Discovery, 199; and settlers, 55, 75; and US occupation of Mexico, 120–21
    Jennings, Francis, 46–47, 104
    Jim Crow laws, 140, 170
    Johnson, Andrew, 142
    Johnson, Lyndon B., 182, 208–9
    Johnson v. McIntosh
(1823), 199–200
    Joseph (Chief).
See
Nimi’ipuu
    Kaplan, Robert D., 219–22
    Keen, Benjamin, 40
    Keetoowah secret society, 158
    Kennedy, John F., 178–79
    Kennewick Man, 232–33
    Kickapoo (Coahuila Kikapú) Nation, 126
    Killsback, Leo, 204–5
    King, Martin Luther, Jr., 50, 78, 182–83
    King, Matthew, 190–91
    King George’s War (1744–48), 67
    King Hagler, 69–70
    King Philip’s War (1675), 64
    Kintpuash (Captain Jack), 223–24
    Kiowa Nation, 143
    Knickmeyer, Ellen, 194–95
    Knox, Henry, 81, 88, 91, 92
    Kroeber, Arthur, 232
    Kuznick, Peter, 228
    LaDuke, Winona, 226
    Lakotas: seizure of Black Hills from, 180, 188, 207; Wounded Knee massacre of, 154–56; Wounded Knee siege by, 185–86
    land: and Civil War, 133–34; and genocide, 2, 6, 8–10; and Indian reservations, 10–12; and manifest destiny, 2–3, 5–6; and national narrative, 2, 3–4, 12–13; as privateproperty, 34–36; as real estate, 55, 141; sacred, 55, 152, 179–80, 206–7, 211, 236; sale to settlers of, 84–86; and settler colonialism, 2–10; stewards of the, 27–30; surveying and distribution of, 124; in US history, 1–14; in US West or Borderlands history, 7–8
    land claims, 205–8
    land grants, 123, 126–27, 140–42
    Land Ordinance (1785), 124
    land restitution, 175, 179–80, 181, 205–8, 258–59n5
    The Last of the Mohicans
(Cooper), 71, 103–4, 221
    Lawrence, D. H., 94, 105, 227
    Lawton, Henry W., 165
    Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 103, 106
    Lee, Robert E., 133, 135
    Lewis and Clark Expedition, 28, 120–21
    liberty and empire, 105–6, 124
    Liliuokalani (Queen of Hawai‘i), 163
    Lincoln, Abraham: and Civil War, 133; colonial policy prior to military implementation under, 140–46; and “free soil” for settlers, 134–36; and