The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945 by Robert Gellately Page A
Authors: Robert Gellately
in Broszat et al. (eds.), Bayern in der NS-Zeit, vi. 76ff.
"For example, Liang, 165 ff., speaks of a 'purge'; Tuchel and Schattenfroh, 63ff., deal with the Sduberungen; Bramstedt, 96, reports on the 'purification of the Political Police'. For an examination of the purge in the civil service as a whole see lane Caplan, Government without Administration: State and Civil Service in Weimar and Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1988), 145-6, in which she notes that across Germany, at all levels of administration, 'altogether, the purge itself directly affected about i to 2 per cent of the professional civil service, though its indirect effects were certainly more widespread'. She shows that though standards varied considerably, 'Jewish officials, known Communists, social democrats, and Centre party members or sympathizers, were the most common victims.' One wonders if the concept of a purge sufficiently takes into account the relatively restricted kinds of 'opponents' who were dismissed or had been retired, and the fact that roughly 98% of the civil service remained at their desks.
Best testimony, in IMT xx. 12 5-6. There is a great deal of information on Best in the BDC. Dr Ulrich Herbert of Essen is presently writing a biography of Best.
2° Best, in IMT xx. 126.
21 Ibid. 142.
22 See the testimony of Karl Heinz Hoffmann in IMT xx. 158: he refers to Koblenz. He added that 'according to my recollection, there were at most 10 to 15 percent of them who had entered the organization voluntarily after 1933'.
23 Robert Lewis Koehl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, Wisc., 1983), 159-60.
24 IMT iv. 344-5.
21 Ibid. 345.
:e Ibid. 167-8. For the portrait of Nebe see Gisevius, 56ff.
Ruth Bettina Birn, Die hdheren SS- and Polizeifahrer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich and in den besetzten Gebieten (Dusseldorf, 1986), 340.
26 Gisevius, 56.
27 Ibid.: In time they were all eliminated as "unreliable".'
Z" Diels, 167.
Heinrich Orb, Nationalsozialismus: 3 Jahre Machtrausch (Olten, 1945), 124-5.
3i Friedrich Zipfel, 'Gestapo and SD: A Sociographic Profile of the Organizers of the Terror', in Stein Ugelvik Larsen et al. (eds.), Who were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Fascism (Bergen, 1980), 308-9. There were 66 professional graduates of various kinds among the 135 (46 of them lawyers); 12 additional non-graduates also had a profession, 23 others had had subordinate positions in the police or administration. 'As a group they were intelligent and proficient.' See also his 'Gestapo and SD in Berlin', Jahrbuch fur die Geschichte Mittel- and Ostdeutschlands, 9-io (1961), 284, where a table indicates that the local Stapostelle Berlin (responsible for the capital city only) recorded 391 male employees on 25 June 1935. Thirty-six of these were in the SS, 23 of whom were listed as 'clerks'.
s' See the figures in Diets, 166.
'Z Graf, 83ff., has important things to say about the 'Papen putsch'.
Ibid. 394.
34 Ibid.
" IMT XXi. 299. Forced membership was mentioned in 127 affidavits. George C. Browder, 'Sipo and SD, 1931-1940: Formation of an Instrument of Power' (University of Wisconsin Ph.D. thesis: Madison, 1968), 77. does not believe there was a purge: for the same point see Alwin Ramme, Der Sicherheitsdienst der SS (Berlin, 1970), 5o, and Delarue, 89ff.
Inge Marssolek and Rene Ott, Bremen im Dritten Reich: Anpassung, Widerstand, Verfolgung (Bremen, 1986), 176: Herbert Schwarzwalder, Geschichte der freien Hansestadt Bremen, iv. Bremen in der NS-Zeit (193.3-1945) (Hamburg, 1985), 110-11.
41 Marssolek and Ott, 183. Cf. Heinz Hohne, The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS, trans. R. Barry (1966: London, 1972), 163ff.
41 Helmut Fangmann, Udo Reifner, and Norbert Steinborn, Parteisoldaten: Die Hamburger Polizei im 'Dritten Reich' (Hamburg, 1987), 51-53: for an identical case in Nuremberg see Reiche, 18o.
42 Henning Timpke (ed.),Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung des Landes
"For example, Liang, 165 ff., speaks of a 'purge'; Tuchel and Schattenfroh, 63ff., deal with the Sduberungen; Bramstedt, 96, reports on the 'purification of the Political Police'. For an examination of the purge in the civil service as a whole see lane Caplan, Government without Administration: State and Civil Service in Weimar and Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1988), 145-6, in which she notes that across Germany, at all levels of administration, 'altogether, the purge itself directly affected about i to 2 per cent of the professional civil service, though its indirect effects were certainly more widespread'. She shows that though standards varied considerably, 'Jewish officials, known Communists, social democrats, and Centre party members or sympathizers, were the most common victims.' One wonders if the concept of a purge sufficiently takes into account the relatively restricted kinds of 'opponents' who were dismissed or had been retired, and the fact that roughly 98% of the civil service remained at their desks.
Best testimony, in IMT xx. 12 5-6. There is a great deal of information on Best in the BDC. Dr Ulrich Herbert of Essen is presently writing a biography of Best.
2° Best, in IMT xx. 126.
21 Ibid. 142.
22 See the testimony of Karl Heinz Hoffmann in IMT xx. 158: he refers to Koblenz. He added that 'according to my recollection, there were at most 10 to 15 percent of them who had entered the organization voluntarily after 1933'.
23 Robert Lewis Koehl, The Black Corps: The Structure and Power Struggles of the Nazi SS (Madison, Wisc., 1983), 159-60.
24 IMT iv. 344-5.
21 Ibid. 345.
:e Ibid. 167-8. For the portrait of Nebe see Gisevius, 56ff.
Ruth Bettina Birn, Die hdheren SS- and Polizeifahrer: Himmlers Vertreter im Reich and in den besetzten Gebieten (Dusseldorf, 1986), 340.
26 Gisevius, 56.
27 Ibid.: In time they were all eliminated as "unreliable".'
Z" Diels, 167.
Heinrich Orb, Nationalsozialismus: 3 Jahre Machtrausch (Olten, 1945), 124-5.
3i Friedrich Zipfel, 'Gestapo and SD: A Sociographic Profile of the Organizers of the Terror', in Stein Ugelvik Larsen et al. (eds.), Who were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Fascism (Bergen, 1980), 308-9. There were 66 professional graduates of various kinds among the 135 (46 of them lawyers); 12 additional non-graduates also had a profession, 23 others had had subordinate positions in the police or administration. 'As a group they were intelligent and proficient.' See also his 'Gestapo and SD in Berlin', Jahrbuch fur die Geschichte Mittel- and Ostdeutschlands, 9-io (1961), 284, where a table indicates that the local Stapostelle Berlin (responsible for the capital city only) recorded 391 male employees on 25 June 1935. Thirty-six of these were in the SS, 23 of whom were listed as 'clerks'.
s' See the figures in Diets, 166.
'Z Graf, 83ff., has important things to say about the 'Papen putsch'.
Ibid. 394.
34 Ibid.
" IMT XXi. 299. Forced membership was mentioned in 127 affidavits. George C. Browder, 'Sipo and SD, 1931-1940: Formation of an Instrument of Power' (University of Wisconsin Ph.D. thesis: Madison, 1968), 77. does not believe there was a purge: for the same point see Alwin Ramme, Der Sicherheitsdienst der SS (Berlin, 1970), 5o, and Delarue, 89ff.
Inge Marssolek and Rene Ott, Bremen im Dritten Reich: Anpassung, Widerstand, Verfolgung (Bremen, 1986), 176: Herbert Schwarzwalder, Geschichte der freien Hansestadt Bremen, iv. Bremen in der NS-Zeit (193.3-1945) (Hamburg, 1985), 110-11.
41 Marssolek and Ott, 183. Cf. Heinz Hohne, The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS, trans. R. Barry (1966: London, 1972), 163ff.
41 Helmut Fangmann, Udo Reifner, and Norbert Steinborn, Parteisoldaten: Die Hamburger Polizei im 'Dritten Reich' (Hamburg, 1987), 51-53: for an identical case in Nuremberg see Reiche, 18o.
42 Henning Timpke (ed.),Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung des Landes
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