The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945 by Robert Gellately Page B
Authors: Robert Gellately
Hamburg 1933 (Frankfurt, 1964). 174.
Zipfel, 'Profile', 3o4. 40 ,r---------I - _-
Ibid. 179.
" Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: The Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, trans. L. Hagan (New York, 1956), 8.
~' Aronson, ioo-i.
45 Ibid. ioi.
4" After Muller became head of the Gestapo in Sept. 1939 the position he left as head of the Reich Centre for Jewish Emigration was inherited by Eichmann: Hannah Arendt. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, rev. edn. (New York. 1965). 67.
17 See doc. 13, 4 Jan. 1937. in Aronson. 32 1.
as Ibid.
51 Doc. 14, 12 Feb. 1937, in Aronson, 322-3.
'z Koehl, The Black Corps, 16o. On the gradual merger of police and SS, it should be noted that those who attained the 'SS recruiting standards' could be accepted into the SS and, in a second distinct step, might be promoted 'to an SS rank equivalent to their police rank', in what was called 'rank parity' (Dienstrangangleichung), which therefore involved much more than merely being co-opted into the SS. See Buchheim, 118 ff. Gerald Reitlinger, The SS: Alibi of a Nation 19221945 (1956; Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981), 39, in emphasizing how many police stayed at their desks, said the myth was demolished 'that the inquisitors of the Gestapo were a new race of men, a scum brought to the surface by revolution'.
51 See the biographies in Birn, 330ff., and Graf, 330ff.
BAK: R58/24,, 1o1ff.
sa H. G. Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland (Tubingen, 1974), 372ff.
' BAK: R 58/6io, 91: Personalstatistik der Staatspolizei, 31 Mar. 1937. The population figure is for 1939.
S7 The letter is printed in Dr [Hans] Schutz, Justiz im 'Dritten Reich'. Dokumentation aus dem Bezirk des Oberlandesgerichts Bamberg (Bamberg 1984), annex 4.
s9 Thereafter it had the cumbersome title 'Geheime Staatspolizei-Staatspolizeistelle NurnbergFirth, AuBendienststelle Wurzburg'.
5a Kater, The Nazi Party, 263ff., figs. 1-4.
Ibid. 8i.
`'" jochen von Lang (ed.), Das Eichmann Protokoll (Berlin, 1982) 41.
61 Ibid. 113. See especially Hans Mommsen. The Realization of the Unthinkable: The "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich', in Gerhard Hirschfeld (ed.). The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (London, 1986), 93R.
62 Aronson, 229-30. This view of Muller is widely shared, e.g. by Crankshaw, 68: He was the arch-type of the non-political functionary, in love with personal power.'
63 Panzinger joined the SA in July 1933: he is quoted in Aronson. 230: cf. HShne, 164ff.
" Gertrud Meyer, Nacht Ober Hamburg: Berichte and Dokumente (Frankfurt, 1971), 81. These were Vertrauens-/Verbindungs-Leute, Gewahrs-Leute, and Informations-Leute.
"BAK: R 58/856, 1i6ff.: i Sept. 1941, 'Schlusselmaf3ige Stellenverteilung auf die Staat- spolizei(leit)stellen'.
Schellenberg, 319-20.
as IMT xx. 128.
fiy Cf. Marssolek and Ott, 183, and Schwarzwalder, 407-8.
Walter Otto Weyrauch. 'Gestapo Informants: Facts and Theory of Undercover Operations'. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 24 (1986). 554ff. An expanded German account is due to be published by Vittorio Klostermann (Frankfurt).
71 Most V-persons were paid, but some offered information on a more or less regular basis for no fee.
72 Weyrauch. 560.
Frohlich, 212.
71 Ibid.
'* Ibid. 577ff. Cf. BAK: 58/6io. There the case of a priest was dealt with in accordance with a decree of i Feb. 1937, which indicates that the matters were regulated nationally. As for the information contained in his resume, his 'fee' of 'RM 6o monthly' is noted, his area of expertisenaturally enough political Catholicism-his reliability, and so forth. More on this topic is given in ch. 5.
75 Weyrauch, 579.
16 Ibid. 565, 567,-569.
77 Recruiting a social spy network involved asking some people to do things they might not feel good about. One young woman, a good National Socialist, who was unwilling to co-operate by informing
Zipfel, 'Profile', 3o4. 40 ,r---------I - _-
Ibid. 179.
" Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: The Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg, trans. L. Hagan (New York, 1956), 8.
~' Aronson, ioo-i.
45 Ibid. ioi.
4" After Muller became head of the Gestapo in Sept. 1939 the position he left as head of the Reich Centre for Jewish Emigration was inherited by Eichmann: Hannah Arendt. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, rev. edn. (New York. 1965). 67.
17 See doc. 13, 4 Jan. 1937. in Aronson. 32 1.
as Ibid.
51 Doc. 14, 12 Feb. 1937, in Aronson, 322-3.
'z Koehl, The Black Corps, 16o. On the gradual merger of police and SS, it should be noted that those who attained the 'SS recruiting standards' could be accepted into the SS and, in a second distinct step, might be promoted 'to an SS rank equivalent to their police rank', in what was called 'rank parity' (Dienstrangangleichung), which therefore involved much more than merely being co-opted into the SS. See Buchheim, 118 ff. Gerald Reitlinger, The SS: Alibi of a Nation 19221945 (1956; Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981), 39, in emphasizing how many police stayed at their desks, said the myth was demolished 'that the inquisitors of the Gestapo were a new race of men, a scum brought to the surface by revolution'.
51 See the biographies in Birn, 330ff., and Graf, 330ff.
BAK: R58/24,, 1o1ff.
sa H. G. Adler, Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Deutschland (Tubingen, 1974), 372ff.
' BAK: R 58/6io, 91: Personalstatistik der Staatspolizei, 31 Mar. 1937. The population figure is for 1939.
S7 The letter is printed in Dr [Hans] Schutz, Justiz im 'Dritten Reich'. Dokumentation aus dem Bezirk des Oberlandesgerichts Bamberg (Bamberg 1984), annex 4.
s9 Thereafter it had the cumbersome title 'Geheime Staatspolizei-Staatspolizeistelle NurnbergFirth, AuBendienststelle Wurzburg'.
5a Kater, The Nazi Party, 263ff., figs. 1-4.
Ibid. 8i.
`'" jochen von Lang (ed.), Das Eichmann Protokoll (Berlin, 1982) 41.
61 Ibid. 113. See especially Hans Mommsen. The Realization of the Unthinkable: The "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich', in Gerhard Hirschfeld (ed.). The Policies of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (London, 1986), 93R.
62 Aronson, 229-30. This view of Muller is widely shared, e.g. by Crankshaw, 68: He was the arch-type of the non-political functionary, in love with personal power.'
63 Panzinger joined the SA in July 1933: he is quoted in Aronson. 230: cf. HShne, 164ff.
" Gertrud Meyer, Nacht Ober Hamburg: Berichte and Dokumente (Frankfurt, 1971), 81. These were Vertrauens-/Verbindungs-Leute, Gewahrs-Leute, and Informations-Leute.
"BAK: R 58/856, 1i6ff.: i Sept. 1941, 'Schlusselmaf3ige Stellenverteilung auf die Staat- spolizei(leit)stellen'.
Schellenberg, 319-20.
as IMT xx. 128.
fiy Cf. Marssolek and Ott, 183, and Schwarzwalder, 407-8.
Walter Otto Weyrauch. 'Gestapo Informants: Facts and Theory of Undercover Operations'. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 24 (1986). 554ff. An expanded German account is due to be published by Vittorio Klostermann (Frankfurt).
71 Most V-persons were paid, but some offered information on a more or less regular basis for no fee.
72 Weyrauch. 560.
Frohlich, 212.
71 Ibid.
'* Ibid. 577ff. Cf. BAK: 58/6io. There the case of a priest was dealt with in accordance with a decree of i Feb. 1937, which indicates that the matters were regulated nationally. As for the information contained in his resume, his 'fee' of 'RM 6o monthly' is noted, his area of expertisenaturally enough political Catholicism-his reliability, and so forth. More on this topic is given in ch. 5.
75 Weyrauch, 579.
16 Ibid. 565, 567,-569.
77 Recruiting a social spy network involved asking some people to do things they might not feel good about. One young woman, a good National Socialist, who was unwilling to co-operate by informing
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