The Undivided Past by David Cannadine

Israel,
Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution and Human Rights, 1750–1790
(Oxford, 2011), pp. 738–39.
      22. C. Bolt,
Victorian Attitudes to Race
(London, 1971), p. 9; Stepan,
Idea of Race
, p. 29; Painter,
White People
, pp. 114–15; Israel,
Democratic Enlightenment
, pp. 250–53.
      23. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, p. 33.
      24. Quoted in E. C. Eze, ed.,
Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), p. 13; Fredrickson,
Racism
, p. 56.
      25. S. Peabody,
“There Are No Slaves in France”: The Political Culture of Race and Slavery in the Ancien Régime
(New York, 1996), p. 66.
      26. Hannaford,
Race
, pp. 202–13; Painter,
White People
, pp. 72–90.
      27. J. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur,
Letters from an American Farmer
(New York, 1981 ed.), p. 69; E. Foner,
The Story of American Freedom
(New York, 1998), p. 39.
      28. T. Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982 ed.), pp. 138–39; Chaplin, “Race,” p. 165.
      29. Foner,
American Freedom
, p. 75; Fredrickson,
Racism
, pp. 80–81; J. H. Kettner,
The Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1978), pp. 235–46; E. P. Hutchinson,
Legislative History of American Immigration Policy, 1798–1865
(Philadelphia, 1981), pp. 405–33.
      30. Painter,
White People
, pp. 64–68; Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 21–25.
      31. Bolt,
Victorian Attitudes to Race
, p. 15; Biddiss, introduction to
Images of Race
, p. 15; Painter,
White People
, pp. 190–94; S. J. Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
, rev. ed. (New York, 1996), pp. 105–41.
      32. Bolt,
Victorian Attitudes to Race
, p. 4; Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 70–71; P. Stock, “ ‘Almost a Separate Race’: Racial Thought and the Idea of Europe in British Encyclopedias and Histories, 1771–1830,”
Modern Intellectual History
8 (2011): 3–29; E. Barkan,
The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars
(Cambridge, 1992), pp. 3–4.
      33. Bolt,
Victorian Attitudes to Race
, p. xi; Biddiss, introduction to
Images of Race
, pp. 11, 16; Painter,
White People
, pp. 213–14; Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 121–22; J. Darwin,
After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405
(London, 2007), p. 348.
      34. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 32–33.
      35. Ibid., pp. 11, 17–20, 30; Biddiss, introduction to
Images of Race
, p. 15.
      36. Kidd,
Forging of Races
, pp. 7–8; Painter,
White People
, pp. 195–98; Fredrickson,
Racism
, p. 57.
      37. Painter,
White People
, pp. 195–98; Bolt,
Victorian Attitudes to Race
, pp. xii, 10, 23.
      38. Fredrickson,
Racism
, pp. 8, 70–71; Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 36–41, 102.
      39. D. Pick,
Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848–c. 1918
(Cambridge, 1989), pp. 11–27.
      40. Mosse,
Toward the Final Solution
, pp. 54–55.
      41. Barkan,
Retreat of Scientific Racism
, pp. 17–18; Biddiss, introduction to
Images of Race
, pp. 18–20.
      42. R. Hyam,
Understanding the British Empire
(Cambridge, 2010), pp. 25–26, 161–68; Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, p. 239; L. Colley,
Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837
(2nd. ed., London, 2005), pp. 354–55.
      43. Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, pp. 252–53; Foner,
American Freedom
, p. 88.
      44. Brion Davis,
Inhuman Bondage
, pp. 238–39.
      45. Foner,
American Freedom
, pp. 89, 98, 105–7.
      46. M. Lake and H. Reynolds,
Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality
(Cambridge, 2008), pp. 50–53, 59–60, 89–90; T. Koditschek,
Liberalism, Imperialism, and the Historical Imagination: Nineteenth-Century Visions of a Greater Britain
(Cambridge, 2011), pp. 240–50.
      47. Lake and Reynolds,
Global Colour Line
, pp. 11, 72–74, 95–113; J. Bryce,
The Relations of the Advanced and the Backward Races of